A new malaria vaccine could save millions, but more still needs to be done to stop the deadly disease
and Stacker used to explore the challenges behind eradicating malaria despite the development of new vaccines.
A new malaria vaccine could save millions, but more still needs to be done to stop the deadly disease
A new vaccine for malaria , according to clinical trials, but significant challenges remain when it comes to fully eradicating the disease. The new vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, is a three-dose regimen that was endorsed by the World Health Organization in September 2023.
Prior to this endorsement, the only existing malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, with a four-dose regimen. This advancement was nevertheless a breakthrough in the prevention of the mosquito-borne disease, which is complicated by the insects' .
Still, these vaccines have yet to significantly reduce the prevalence of . In fact, the mosquito-borne illness causes over , in the WHO African Region comprising 47 member-states in Africa, according to the organization's 2022 World Malaria Report.
Moreover, vaccine distribution is just one step in the process of full inoculation, a process that requires a minimum of three dosages administered four weeks apart. This is especially challenging for regions where malaria is most rampant because many of them do not have particularly advanced infrastructure for providing health care. According to a 2021 report by the Africa Health Agenda International Conference, received the health care they needed. The region also has a ratio of just , far below the WHO's standard of 4.45 health workers per 1,000 people needed for sufficient health care services.
To explore these issues further, partnered with Stacker to explore the global burden of malaria using and the challenges to ending the disease, even as multiple vaccines enter the market.
Most malaria deaths are in Africa
Multiple factors make Africa significantly more vulnerable to malaria spread than other continents. Africa has the fastest-growing population of all continents, and much of the population is highly mobile in part because of to facilitate intracontinental migration. Human mobility is a significant factor in disease transmission, a pattern observed across other major health crises,
The consequences of climate change are also fostering malaria cases. Malaria-carrying insects thrive in warm environments with high rainfall, and in areas where the disease exists, according to a 2011 study by scholars in Germany and Ghana. Additionally, researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center determined that malaria-carrying mosquitoes are now reaching areas of the continent that were previously too cold, , based on data spanning the past 120 years.
Further, the most lethal malaria parasite, , is the most prevalent in the African region. The species is becoming increasingly less detectable in rapid diagnostic tests and gaining resistance to , drugs that are commonly used to treat drug-resistant malaria. The continent faces increasing amounts of insecticide resistance among its mosquito populations in general. For example, in , researchers determined that in 2005, 15% of West Africa had mosquitoes that were unaffected by deltamethrin, the insecticide used in treated bed nets. But by 2017, almost all of West Africa—98% of it—had deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes.
This trend was also observed in other malaria interventions such as indoor residual spraying, which uses pyrethroids—another insecticide to which malaria-carrying mosquitoes are .
Efforts to tackle the disease in the most at-risk countries
The emergence of the newest vaccine is expected to compensate for supply shortage issues that affected the rollout of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. WHO, in partnership with UNICEF and Gavi, intends to between 2023 and 2025. However, the global demand for malaria vaccines—costing an estimated —is expected to reach 40 million to 60 million doses by 2026.
Many countries with the greatest need for vaccines, however, are also short of money: For example, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are within the top four countries with the highest deaths from malaria, as well as within the .
Efforts to curb malaria spread are not limited to vaccination-related initiatives. One focus is directed at curbing the spread of artemisinin-resistant parasites to avoid further limiting the applications of the treatment, . However, to date, the only by the WHO are Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritius.
Story editing by Jeff Inglis. Copy editing by Tim Bruns.
This story originally appeared on Northwell Health and was produced and distributed in partnership with Stacker Studio.
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